<plimb@library.uwa.edu.au>
_______________________________________________________________
[The following article is reproduced, in a revised version
written especially for H-Africa/H-SAfrica, with kind permission
of the author, Stefan Blaschke. It does not focus on Africa, but
on electronic journals in historical studies (including some
Africanist examples). Cooments on the issues are welcome--P.L.]
_______________________________________________________________

"Some Remarks on E-Journals in History" (Work-in-progress)

Author: Stefan Blaschke
        <a2534304@smail.uni-koeln.de>

The author is a Ph.D. student, editor of "The History Journals
Guide" / "The History Journals News", and member of the World
Languages Board of the "Journal of the Association for History
and Computing"


Preface

This article was originally published in two parts in _The
History Journals News_ #4-00 (January 26, 2000) and #5-00
(February 2, 2000), the electronic newsletter of _The History
Journals Guide_, a WWW-VL directory for history and archaeology
journals:

        <http://www.history-journals.de/>

In the revised form spelling and grammar were corrected and notes
in the text and a short bibliography replaced the endnotes.
Regarding content, a few changes were made as since the article
was first published the number of e-journals listed in the
_History Journals Guide_ (HJG) increased from 128 (February 2,
2000) to 146 titles (February 23, 2000). All URLs were checked.


Introduction

(1)  I had the idea to write a survey about history journals on
the Internet in 1998. But maintaining a directory such as the
_History Journals Guide_ (HJG) and other works took a lot of
time.  Hence I decided to write only about e-journals in history.
At the time, I made some notes but did not finish the work. This
article is based on the revision of the HJG-subdirectory on
e-journals that I made at the end of January 2000.

(2)  To write a survey about electronic journals is a quite
difficult task.  Many entries in the HJG were added a long time
ago and since doing so I had not "visited" these web sites again.
It is impossible for a single person to check regularly whether
all web sites listed in the HJG have changed or been updated.
Some e-journals could not be found any more for different reasons
that I will mention later. Another reason why it is so difficult
to write an overview is that the HJG does not cover all
electronic journals devoted to historical topics. I still come
across other e-journals or am notified of them.

(3)  I do not claim to give an exhaustive overview in this
article. I do not say anything about the impact of these
e-journals on research (but see, for instance, the previous
survey by Harter, 1996). My aim is rather to make some remarks on
various aspects of this topic that I pondered whilst revising the
e-journal entries to enable me to compare the different models or
concepts used by e-journals in history. The following points will
be considered: why publish an e-journal; the scope of these
journals; the format of publishing; publication dates;
subscription and registration;  editors and publishers. This
article is more a work-in-progress. I have not had enough time to
deal with the complete literature on e-journals in general (see
Bailey). Moreover, there is not much literature about history
e-journals (see for example, The Journal of Electronic Publishing
3, No. 1).  This article is therefore only a first step.
Recently, I have invited editors of both print and electronic
journals to write a short contribution on the topic. One article
has already been published in the History Journals News (Winters,
2000). Others who feel competent to contribute are also invited
to do so.

(4)  Before discussing history e-journals in more detail it is
first necessary to deal with a more general issue, namely:

W h a t  i s  a n  e - j o u r n a l ?

(5)  The question is not really new (Franks, 1993), but the
problem is that there seem to be still no satisfactory answer
(Barlow, 1998; McEldowney, 1995). First, I want to take a look on
my own experience. The number of notifications of new journals I
received during the last two years of HJG was small. I estimate
that about 2% of all entries are the result of such early
notifications. However, after my announcement on the H-Net
mailing list H-Soz-u-Kult on January 18, 2000 this changed, but
it remains to be seen if it will be a permanent process. The
number of new notifications increases rapidly after an
announcement but then decreases markedly after a few weeks.
However, this is not the main point I want to make. Many
announced new "journals" contained merely collections of links,
or texts written and published by a single person, or simply
tables of contents of print journals. Some sites, such as the
"Cyber Journal of Heraldic Bookplates"
<http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Olympus/4369/Bookplate/journal.htm>
appear to be more of an online source book than an e-journal.
Often little is said about the quality of these web sites; in
fact they are not journals.

(6)  You can find different shortened forms with the same or a
similar meaning for 'electronic journal': for example, in
English: e-journal or ejournal; online journal; internet journal;
cyber journal; or in German:  E-Zeitschrift; Internet
Zeitschrift; Online Zeitschrift. I think in other languages there
are also such synonyms. Besides, you can find other words such as
e-zine, a combination of "electronic" and "magazine." I have
never found the word "e-newsletter," but always "electronic
newsletter". The definition of e-journal seems to be unclear.

(7)  Using the Altavista search engine I searched for a
definition. Many directories and collections of Internet Links
for history resources do not give one; the HJG is no exception. I
also searched for the question "What is an e-journal", and "Was
ist eine elektronische Zeitschrift" (respectively using the
different synonyms mentioned above). I received no results for
the latter but some for the former. This test search is not
really representative as I used only one search engine, but
nevertheless I discovered that in general a web site tends to be
presented as an e-journal if it provides tables of contents at a
minimum. An example is how in the ARL Directories from 1991
through 1995 e-journals are described: "'Electronic journals' are
self-defined; those who produce such journals name them in that
way. These journals are generally accessed electronically through
communication devices or telephone lines. The same definitions
are true for electronic 'newsletter,' 'listserves,' and other
electronic forums. At times the boundaries between these named
formats are not clear, and blend or shade into each other. This
Proposal concentrates on electronic journals.  Electronic
journals come in many forms. Some of these electronic serials are
traditional paper journals simply made available electronically;
others are sample selections, or just the table of contents of
the paper journal; still others have no equivalent paper copies"
(cited in: McEldowney, 1995, chapter I; see also: Schaeffler,
1999).

(8)  The result can be summarized with the following quote I once
found on the Internet: "Some journals are more online than
others." I think that different aspects became conflated in these
various understandings of what an e-journal constitutes. To
reiterate, web sites with simply tables of contents, or even some
sample articles of print journals available online in full-text
are *not* e-journals. It is meaningless to regard them as genuine
e-journals. An e-journal is *always* a full-text journal. If one
received nothing but tables of contents in a printed journal,
then one would not define it as a print journal. In other words,
one would not say: "Some journals are more print than others
are."

(9)  A journal is a serial and a definition of a serial can be
found in ISO 3297 standard: "A publication, in any medium, issued
in successive parts, usually having numerical or chronological
designations and intended to be continued with no predetermined
end"  <http://www.issn.org/brochure/The_ISSN.htm>. Interestingly,
a print journal that is also distributed electronically obtained
a different International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) for its
online edition. There are, I think, more criteria for a specific
definition of a journal: that it publishes articles written not
only by the editor, for example. The point that I want to
emphasize here is that there is no difference in what constitutes
the content of a print journal and an e-journal. Also, the
functions of scholarly journals are the same whether they are
distributed in print or electronically. They differ regarding,
for example, the layout and the frequency of publishing. The
difference is the format, but this does not change the basic
functions.

(10)  I propose four basic types:  a) e-journal: a journal
published (primarily) in digital format b) electronic
distribution: a print journal published also in digital format c)
pseudo e-journal: a web site with articles from different authors
d) abbreviated online edition: a print journal that provides
sample articles online of each issue.  These types can be further
divided into, for example, scholarly and non-scholarly, or
scientific and popular-scientific.

T h e n u m b e r o f e - j o u r n a l s

(11)  The number of history e-journals depends on the definitions
of e-journal and history. I have already discussed the former.
The HJG defines History in a broad sense as the study of the
past, following the Historical Periodicals Directory. There are
no chronological, geographical or topical limits. Journals
devoted to archaeology are included in their definition as are
those dealing with anthropology or interdisciplinary topics if
they are of interest for historians. On this basis the HJG now
covers (as of February 23, 2000) links to 144 e-journals
(including electronic newsletters) and 2 pseudo e-journals
(Aztlan E-Journal and Zentrum fuer Antisemitismusforschung
Internet Journal). Abbreviated electronic versions of print
journals are not counted here. A complete list, with links to the
homepages of the e-journals, can be found on:
<http://www.history-journals.de/hjg-ejournals.html> (for
e-journals)  <http://www.history-journals.de/hjg-enews.html> (for
e-newsletters)

(12)  It has been noted by other writers that the number of
e-journals in general has been growing in the 1990s (e.g.,
Bellinger, 1998; McEldowney, 1995). With regard to history
e-journals, it should be noted that since 1995/96 the number has
certainly increased. Analysis of the sample revealed the
following start date of publication: 1 (1990), 1 (1991), 2
(1992), 4 (1993), 8 (1994), 10 (1995), 21 (1996), 31 (1997), 18
(1998), and 14 (1999).  Three new e-journals for 2000 have
already been announced. Some journals shifted from print to
electronic format, namely Bryn Mawr Classical Review, Essays in
History, Essays in Medieval Studies, Genders, and Teiresias.
(Note: for 31 e-journals in the sample the start date could not
be established.)

(13)  Are all these 144 e-journals still active? No. Normally the
"death"  of e-journals is either not discussed in reports or else
is merely briefly stated. Only two of the analyzed e-journals
"announced" the end of their publication on their homepages: the
Internet Journal of Anthropological Studies, and The Texas
Archaeology E-Journal. Yet, many homepages of e-journals are not
regularly updated, and at least 16 seem to be inactive.  How
reliable are dates found on homepages? Some web sites lack any
dates. A further 7 e-journals have links that lead nowhere. These
could be "dead" or simply may have changed their URL, but I did
not locate them. Finally, two e-journals were only ever
announced: The Brobdingnagian, and the Electronic Journal of
International History. With regard to the latter it is not clear
if the start of publication has been postponed or if it will
never be published.

(14)  What can editors do when the URL of their journals changes?
How can readers find e-journals? I think there is a simple
solution for both questions. What we need is a meta-index
covering all e-journals. It is not necessary that all university
libraries build up their own web sites with links to (all)
e-journals; they need only a list of those journals to which they
subscribe. A single person on an honorary basis cannot maintain a
meta-index for (e-) journals. Such maintaining is expensive in
labour and time. Sometimes I have the feeling that such
meta-indexes are not appreciated fully, but they are necessary to
find relevant material on the Internet.

(15)  To evaluate the increasing number of e-journals it would be
necessary to compare their development with print journals. So we
must also answer the question of how many print journals in
history started publication at the same time.

W h y   a n   e - j o u r n a l ?

(16)  I expected to find explanations, at least short, by editors
of why they are going to publish an e-journal. But I was
surprised that there were very few such editorials. The
advantages of e-journals have been often noted (e.g., Bellinger,
1998; Willis, 1995). These can be summarized as: lower costs;
faster and wider distribution; effective use of new
technology/multimedia; and interaction between authors and
readers. My aim is not to discuss if these aspects are right or
not. In most cases the editors of history e-journals emphasize
the possibility of quickly publishing the results of historical
research. The issue of interactivity is stressed only by three
e-journals: H-Net Reviews in Humanities and Social Sciences
<http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/>; the Journal of the
Association for History and Computing (Barlow, 1998); and Reviews
in History (O'Brien).

(17)  The editor of the "Journal of the Association for History
and Computing," Jeffrey Barlow (1998), did write a longer
editorial. He pointed out two reasons why e-journals will triumph
over print journals: the increasing costs and the missing search
functions for print serials. Yet Barlow does not deny the fact
that there are also new problems that must be solved by
e-publishing: copyright, citation, and university support.

(18)  The editors of "Perspicuitas" emphasized in an editorial
that currently e-journals are not necessary in the humanities
because print journals distribute the knowledge "just in time."
They stress that there are still many unsolved problems related
to online publication, for example, citation, and quality
control, and finding relevant material. In their opinion,
electronic publishing is just a culture of manuscripts (Brandt;
Froehlich; Seidel, 1998). So it may not surprise readers that
this e-journal has published only two articles since 1998. A
rather strange introduction can be found on the homepage of
"Zentrum fuer Antisemitismusforschung Internet Journal," a
periodical I characterize as a pseudo e-journal. I do not want to
comment on their "editorial": "The Internet Journal is what it is
and it is here, because it popped out of nowhere and materialized
on our webpage. The answer to all remaining questions is, as you
can imagine 42"
<http://www.tu-berlin.de/~zfa/journal/journal.htm>.

(19)  Some e-journals appear to be essentially experiments aimed
at establishing some form of electronic publishing in particular
fields of historical research. This may be indicated by the fact
that they may openly solicit articles from students. Examples are
Internet Beitraege zur Aegyptologie und Sudanarchaeologie, and
Osnabruecker Online-Beitraege zu den Altertumswissenschaften. The
editors of "Waikato Military History" pointed out: "The
University of Waikato History Department is, like many other
research and teaching faculties, desperately working its way into
the computer age. As part of our learning curve we introduce
WaiMilHist, our electronic journal - an opportunity for our
Honours students to see their end of term exercises published"
(Barber; Simes, 1997). Students seem to be laboratory rabbits in
such cases.

(20)  The aim of the editors of forum historiae iuris is
interesting:  "Before the Internet market will be further
commercialized, we have decided to open a forum historiae iuris,
which shall approach the original ideals of scientific
communication" <http://www.rewi.hu-berlin.de/FHI/info_e.htm>.
Another journal aims to be scholarly, but does not want to reach
only academics. It is the Journal for MultiMedia History: "It was
precisely *because* so much of what we were doing as professional
historians seemed so isolating that we wanted to "get out on the
Web," to reach not only academics, but an entire universe of
interested readers. We wanted to bring serious historical
scholarship and pedagogy under the scrutiny of amateurs and
professionals alike, to utilize the promise of digital
technologies to expand history's boundaries, merge its forms, and
promote and legitimate innovations in teaching and research that
we saw emerging around us." The editors see themselves at "the
beginning of an exciting adventure" (Zahavi;  Zelizer, 1998).

C o n t e n t s

(21)  You can find e-journals devoted to more or less all periods
and regions, and on many different topics. The diversification is
growing. For instance, there are 13 e-journals that are (or were)
devoted to archaeological issues; 15 contributions on antiquity;
9 on medieval studies;  and at least 9 on U.S. studies. Some of
those devoted to classics are among the oldest e-serials in the
field of historical studies. Bryn Mawr Classical Review is the
second oldest in the humanities
<http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/bmcr/>.

(22)  English is undoubtedly the most dominant language of
historical e-journals. More than 100 e-journals publish entirely
or partially in English. Among other languages represented are
German (27 e-journals), Spanish (22), French (15), Italian (11),
Portuguese (3), Russian, Finnish, Galician, Hebrew and Swedish
(1). Twenty-six journals are bi- or multilingual.

(23)  E-journals in history can be divided into three groups,
those publishing only reviews, those publishing any kind of
contributions, and others (newsletters, bibliographies etc.).

F o r m a t o f P u b l i s h i n g

(24)  There are two kinds of e-journals: those published on the
WWW and those distributed by e-mail. Examples for the latter
format are Abstracts in Economic History, H-Net Reviews in the
Humanities and Social Sciences, and The Family History Netletter.
For this last group you can find normally a WWW archive with past
issues or contributions. There are also journals using both
formats, for example, African Studies Quarterly
<http://www.clas.ufl.edu/africa/asq/>. A number of e-journals are
a combination; they are published also on paper--sometimes at the
same time, sometimes later. Examples are Classics Ireland, Family
History Netletter, Gouden Hoorn, and Histos. Some journals offer
CD-ROM versions for past issues, for example, Concilium Medii
Aevi, Fundus, Goettinger Forum fuer Altertumswissenschaft.

(25)  Another item is the question of journal issues. Here there
are three models. The "traditional model" holds to the idea of an
issue. Those journals are published, for example, biannually or
quarterly. The "online model" eliminates the idea of an issue.
Contributions are published on an ongoing basis, whilst articles
are numbered and dated. Examples are forum historiae iuris and
Reviews in History. Unfortunately, there are also examples of
such journals that are less regular: Knowledge Net, Singapore
E-Journal. The third model is a mixed one. They hold to the idea
of volumes, with each volume appearing at the start of the
calendar year and remaining open for that year. As new articles
are received they are added to the current volume. To inform
readers about changes the WWW-journals mostly provide an e-mail
notification service.

(26)  Editors of e-journals also use different formats for
journal articles. E-mail journals use ASCII-texts. At the moment,
other formats do not seem to be useful as mail programs do not
all show graphics and convert HTML code. For WWW-journals two
formats compete: HTML and PDF. A few e-journals also offer
articles in Word or WordPerfect formats, but this does not seem
to be a solution with a promising future.

(27)  One argument for the use of PDF files is that articles can
be cited by pagination. The problem of HTML files is that it
depends on the printer used and other settings (for example, size
of fonts) how many pages you will get. Accurate citation seems
impossible. An alternative is offered by those e-journals
numbering paragraphs. Examples are: Chronicon, Forum
Archaeologiae, forum historiae iuris, Genders, Laberiento,
Renaissance Forum, Sycamore. Cromohs suggests this possibility,
but does not number paragraphs. In my opinion the problem of
citation is not only a real one, but is also an emotional issue.
Scholars are used to pagination and for some of them the page
number seems to be a 'sacred cow.' The advantage of HTML files is
that you can print it out with the font style and size that you
want (Barlow, 1998; Media History Monographs). Thus, HTML is more
flexible.

(28)  Another problem is how to cite in online articles. Most
e-journals use end notes, so you must "jump" between text and
notes if you read the text on screen. But is this the normal way
of reading such texts? At the moment, we print an article if we
want to read it (as we copy print articles). Some journals offer
other solutions, for example, "side notes"  (Screening the past)
or frames (forum historiae iuris).

(29)  One more issue must be mentioned. A number of e-journals
encourage the authors to submit their articles at a later date to
a print journal.  Examples are Concilium Medii Aevi, Cromohs,
Fundus, Goettinger Forum fuer Altertumswissenschaft, Journal of
Hebrew Scriptures, Journal of Millennial Studies. I am skeptical
that this is really a good idea. First, many print journals
accept only original, unpublished contributions. Second, the
incentive to publish an article in an e-journal is perhaps not
very high in such a case, especially as e-journals currently lack
the importance of print journals. Or will e-journals become only
a forum for preprints?

S u b s c r i p t i o n s

(30)  Most e-journals listed in the HJG and which are still
active are free. An exception is, for example, the Family History
Netletter.  Nevertheless, some history e-journals are planning to
introduce a subscription fee. One question is whether there will
be an institutional or individual subscription (see Winters,
2000).

(31)  There is one analyzed e-journal (Journal of World-Systems
Research)  that demands a submission fee to help defray the costs
of copy-editing and formatting. This fee is waived for graduate
students <http://csf.Colorado.EDU:80/wsystems/submissi.html>.

(32)  Two journals demand registration if you want to read the
articles, namely Internet Archaeology and Pomoerium. The first
one has more than 23,000 registered users at the moment
<http://intarch.ac.uk/news/index.html>.

E d i t o r s  a n d  P u b l i s h e r s

(33)  It is noticeable that publishers do not play an important
role in the history e-journals that I have analysed. Most are
published on the homepages of universities and institutes.
Exceptions are, for example, Concilium Medii Aevi, Family History
Netletter, Fundus, Goettinger Forum fuer Altertumswissenschaft,
Maya World. The fact that "middle men" are not necessary has been
pointed out by the editors of "Electronic Antiquity"  (Toohey;
Worthington, 1993). The problem of commercial publishers is also
that they "sell us the product of our own labors" (Barlow, 1998).

(34)  Another question is whether e-journals are peer-reviewed,
an important criteria for a scholarly journal. Barlow estimated
that the Journal of the Association for History and Computing "is
the only one in history that is peer-reviewed" (Barlow, 1998).
But my research indicates that there are others, for example,
Journal of Millennial Studies, Journal of World-Systems Research,
Media History Monographs, The North Star, and Romanticism on the
Net.

T h e f u t u r e o f e - j o u r n a l s

(35)  I do not want to give a prognosis on the further
development of e-journals; I only want to refer to some points
mentioned by others. The editor of the "Journal of World-Systems
Research" asks: "Will an electronic journal be taken seriously?"
He gives the following answer: "We have believed that the proof
is the content, not the form. You decide"  (Chase-Dunn, 1995).
This is how the editors of the "Internet Journal of
Anthropological Studies" explained the end of their periodical.
"Unfortunately there doesn't seem to be much interest in the
academic community for such a journal and we didn't get enough
submissions for it to be viable"
<http://taylor.anthro.umt.edu/archive/ijas/ijashome.htm>. In
other words: "One can fantasize endlessly about electronic
'journals,' but without active authorship and readership there is
nothing," E-journals must be used (Harter, 1996).

(36)  Barlow is of opinion that the "most highly regarded
scholars publish in the most highly regarded journals, and these
are paper ones. Those who wish to emulate or succeed them, of
course, do likewise." He expects that e-journals, "if they are
successful, will develop their own superstars."  (Barlow, 1998)
But to become successful, an e-journal must be substantially
better or cheaper than a traditional journal. If "it offers less
functionality than a traditional journal it is difficult to see
how it will be able to survive in the long run" (Franks, 1993).

(37)  "On the eve of the 21st century it is essential that
historians seize the latest technology to communicate the results
of their research to colleagues and the general reading public"
<http://victoria.tc.ca/history/about/about.html>. This was the
statement of the editor of the defunct "Online Modern History
Review." Many e-journals in history do not fulfil rigorous
scholarly criteria; nevertheless these negative examples should
not be seen as a characterization for e-journals in general. But
there remains much work to convince historians to use e-journals.

----- ----- ----- -----

B i b l i o g r a p h y

~ Bailey Jr., Charles W., "Scholarly Electronic Publishing
Bibliography"  (Version 29: February 16, 2000):
<http://info.lib.uh.edu/sepb/sepb.html>

~ Barber, Laurie; Simes, Douglas, 1997 (December), "WaiMilHist
Editorial and Introduction." Waikato Military History 1:
<http://www2.waikato.ac.nz/humanities/history/journalfolder/waimilhistfolder
/wmh2.html>

~ Barlow, Jeffrey, 1998 (May 18), "Editorial." Journal of the
Association for History and Computing 1, No. 1:
<http://mcel.pacificu.edu/history/jahcI1/Editorials/EditI1.HTML>

~ Bellinger, Charles K., 1998 (August): "Electronic Journals and
the Future of Scholarly Communication in the Humanities":
<http://www.spiritone.com/~ckb/cb98cont.htm>

~ Brandt, Ruediger; Froehlich, Juergen; Seidel, Kurt O., 1998
(Summer), "Editorial." Perspicuitas:
<http://www.perspicuitas.uni-essen.de/editorial.htm>

~ Chase-Dunn, Christopher, 1995 (February 3), "Editor's
Introduction."  Journal of World-Systems Research 1:
<http://csf.colorado.edu/wsystems/jwsr/vol1/v1_intro.htm>

~ Franks, John, 1993 (January), "What is an Electronic
E-Journal":
<http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals//vpiej-l/vpiej-l.log9305.html>

~ Harter, Stephen P., 1996, "The Impact of Electronic Journals on
Scholarly Communication: A Citation Analysis." The Public-Access
Computer Systems Review 7, no. 5:
<http://info.lib.uh.edu/pr/v7/n5/hart7n5.html>

~ The Journal of Electronic Publishing 3, No. 1 (September 1997):
ELECTRONIC JOURNALS: Why? - A look at how eight e-journals came
about, and what they offer that you can't get in print:
<http://www.press.umich.edu/jep/03-01/index.html>

~ McEldowney, Philip, 1995 (Spring), "Scholarly Electronic
Journals - Trends and Academic Attitudes: A Research Proposal.":
<http://www.people.virginia.edu/~pm9k/libsci/ejs.html>

~ Media History Monographs, "Circulation information":
<http://www.scripps.ohiou.edu/mediahistory/mhmcirc.htm>

~ O'Brien, Patrick, "Reviewers and Reviewing: A Manifesto for a
New Electronic Journal - Reviews in History":
<http://ihr.sas.ac.uk/ihr/reviews/dirmani.html>

~ Toohey, Peter; Worthington, Ian, 1993 (June), "Editorial."
Electronic Antiquity 1, No. 1:
<http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/ElAnt/V1N1/editorial.html>

~ Schaeffler, Hildegard, 1999 (January 18), "Ueberregionale
Bereitstellung elektronischer Zeitschriften im Bereich
geisteswissenschaftlicher Sondersammelgebiete: Arbeitsbericht
fuer den Zeitraum 01.04.-30.09.1998":
<http://www.bsb.badw-muenchen.de/projekt/ej_dfg.htm>

~ Willis, Jerry, 1995, "Bridging the Gap Between Traditional and
Electronic Scholarly Publishing":
<http://www.coe.uh.edu/~brobin/Educom95/EducomJW/bridge.html>

~ Winters, Judith, 2000 (February 9), "Internet Archaelogy:
Subscribing to the future." The History Journals News #600
<http://www.history-journals.de/hjn-06-00.txt>

~ Zahavi, Gerald; Zelizer, Julian, 1998 (November 11), "About The
Journal for MultiMedia History." Journal for MultiMedia History
1:  <http://www.albany.edu/jmmh/vol1no1/introduction1.html>

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