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posted by Marja de Keuning, marja.dekeuning@inghist.nl Tuesday, October 13, 2009 Inhoud Bijdragen en Mededelingen Betreffende de Geschiedens der Nederlanden 124 (2009) 3 Redactioneel 321 Artikelen Nieuwe geschiedschrijving van de collaboratie Introductie bij het thema Ido de Haan en Peter Romijn 323 ‘De strijd om Amsterdam’ Een nieuwe benadering in het onderzoek naar de NSB Josje Damsma en Erik Schumacher 329 De weg van Vlaamse ‘daders’ naar de Gestapo De tolken van de Antwerpse Sipo-SD Robby Van Eetvelde 349 ‘Enkel en alleen in dit geval’ Pleidooien voor de vrijlating van voormalig collaborateurs na de Tweede Wereldoorlog in Nederland Helen Grevers 368 Review ‘Ons populairste vervoermiddel’ De Nederlandse fietshistoriografie in internationaal perspectief Manuel Stoffers en Harry Oosterhuis 390 Forum Geschiedenis – Herinnering – Identiteit Niek van Sas 419 Het Nationaal Historisch Museum en de emotional turn Paul van de Laar 431 Geen identiteit zonder oriëntatie in de tijd Maria Grever 438 Oorlog en Vrede Petra Groen 452 Water en Land Petra van Dam 459 Recensies 467 Lijst van recensies 494 Lijst van webrecensies (www.knhg.nl) 495 ------- Abstracts Nieuwe geschiedschrijving van de collaboratie Introductie bij het thema Ido de Haan en Peter Romijn A New Historiography of the Collaboration In this issue, four young historians present the results of their original research on National-Socialist collaboration during the German occupation of the Netherlands and Belgium. The authors take issue with some of the more traditional representations in the historiography of the collaboration and collaborators as moral, political and criminal deviationists per se. They analyze the motives of the Dutch and Belgian National Socialists, the dynamics of their political activism, and the interaction with their social environments. -- ‘De strijd om Amsterdam’ Een nieuwe benadering in het onderzoek naar de NSB Josje Damsma en Erik Schumacher ‘The Fight for Amsterdam’. A New Approach in Research into the NSB The main characteristics of the members of the Dutch Nazi-movement (Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging, NSB) are constructed by historians De Jong and De Jonge. Both labeled the members of the NSB as ‘opportunistic’ and ‘isolated’. Up until now, that image has remained unchallenged. Inspired by Aristotle Kallis, Roger Griffin and Robert Paxton, we analyzed the behavior and social position of members of the NSB in Amsterdam during the Second World War in a new way. By focusing on their actions instead of on ideology, their isolated position can be brought into doubt along with opportunism as the main motivational factor. It is more likely that a combination of idealism, opportunism and social networks led to membership of the NSB. The interaction pattern differed from person to person and per political, economic or social level of communication. The results of this research show that Dutch political history and identity is complex and a lot of research still has to be done in this field. -- De weg van Vlaamse ‘daders’ naar de Gestapo De tolken van de Antwerpse Sipo-SD Robby Van Eetvelde Flemish Collaborators and their Route to the Gestapo. The Translators of the Sipo-SD in Antwerp During the Second World War, Nazi-Germany used the Geheime Staatspolizei (Gestapo) in its occupied territories and at the home front to maintain order and execute the racial policy of the regime. With a head office in Brussels and branches in Antwerp, Ghent, Liège and Charleroi, the Gestapo was also present in military occupied Belgium. The German agents were not completely up to their task. They lacked the knowledge of the regional languages and circumstances. The help of the local Belgian populace was therefore a necessity. What motivated these men to collaborate so assiduously with the German occupier? This research is based on the postwar criminal case files, compiled by the military courts in the context of the prosecution of those who collaborated. Several biographies of Flemish collaborators with the Gestapo office in Antwerp have been reconstructed. In this way, four major motivational groups can be distinguished: opportunists, ideological perpetrators, ‘traditional’ collaborators and former members of the resistance. Contrary to existing research into similar groups of men, financial or material gain was not their primary motive. Various psychological factors played a greater role. -- ‘Enkel en alleen in dit geval’ Pleidooien voor de vrijlating van voormalig collaborateurs na de Tweede Wereldoorlog in Nederland Helen Grevers ‘Only and Exclusively in this Case’. Pleas for the Release of Former Collaborators after the Second World War in the Netherlands After the Second World War ended in the Netherlands, more than 100.000 people suspected of collaborating were arrested. It was long argued that during and after the war the (former) national socialist families who were ‘in the wrong’ stood isolated against the ‘good’ Dutchmen. This article examines the mentality of the population by making use of the letters of support which were written by family, friends or neighbours to the police and judicial bodies in defense of those who were accused of collaboration. No political arguments were given in the letters, the social-psychological elements of collaboration were put first. The guilt was reduced by for example pointing at the restoration of the family, a poor education, bad social and economic circumstances and poor intellectual development. In this way, the suspects were individualized and disconnected from the group that was seen as being ‘in the wrong’. -- Review ‘Ons populairste vervoermiddel’ De Nederlandse fietshistoriografie in internationaal perspectief Manuel Stoffers en Harry Oosterhuis ‘Our Most Popular Means of Transportation’. Dutch Bicycle Historiography from an International Perspective The Netherlands has a long-standing and well-deserved reputation as a bicycling nation. However, until now cycling history has received little attention by Dutch academic historians. In contrast, we observe an efflorescence of cycling history abroad which can serve as a source of inspiration for future research on the history of the bicycle in Dutch society. This article, while highlighting the significance of cycling history in general, provides an overview of the publications on the history of cycling in the Netherlands in the light of recent international research. It does so by focussing on four main themes: technology and transportation history, economic and business history, sports history and social-cultural history. -- Forum -- Geschiedenis – Herinnering – Identiteit Niek van Sas History – Memory – Identity. The Historians and the National Historical Museum Dutch professional historians have so far played a relatively minor role in the planning process of the new National Historical Museum (NMH), leaving the field largely to museologists. Though this reticence is historically understandable, it is nonetheless to be regretted. Historians should avail themselves of this opportunity to present the results of several decades of fruitful research into Dutch history in this novel setting. The NHM project is part of an international trend among similar museums, such as the new Deutsches Historisches Museum in Berlin. This, however, is seen to be a rather bland compromise. For its part, the concept of Five Worlds which was proposed by the NHM directors seems to be void of any sense of time and chronology. As has been suggested here, this new presentation of Dutch history should be mainly along chronological lines, making good use of authentic objects and their undeniable magic. It should also attempt to counter the present climate of historical disorientation and indeed chronophobia. -- Het Nationaal Historisch Museum en de emotional turn Paul van de Laar The Dutch National History Museum and the ‘Emotional Turn’ Recent discussions about the Dutch National History Museum (NHM) should not be restricted to issues put forward by professional historians, be it the importance of a historical canon or nuanced historical debates. Two major, strongly intertwined developments will have to be considered. Firstly, the emotional turn in recent heritage discussions and, secondly, the increasing multi-medialisation of our daily lives. These 21st century developments call for a redefinition of the tasks of a museum for cultural history and a new paradigm in history museums. Traditional collection-driven museums will not be able to satisfy the challenges of the emotional and digital requirements. The NHM should aim to be at the cutting edge of new museum practises. -- Geen identiteit zonder oriëntatie in de tijd Maria Grever No Identity without Temporality. Why We Need Chronologies Recently, the Dutch National History Museum launched a concept of five theme-worlds that would serve as the outline of Dutch history. Critics assume that this concept is at loggerheads with a clear chronology; in their view the museum will become a postmodern stew. This contribution investigates the extent to which this critique makes sense. One of the reasons for the critique is that the five-worlds-concept seems to abstract temporality. Indeed, in some theme-worlds different phenomena are gathered under one umbrella. In which case a coherent story with a clear temporality becomes impossible and visitors will get lost. Another reason for the critique is that the concept does not fit the temporality of national political history. There are indeed two theme-worlds which focus on climatic and social-economic processes. However, that does not contradict a chronology, it only indicates a different temporality. -- Oorlog en Vrede Petra Groen War and Peace. The Battle around the Dutch National History Museum War and Peace is one of the ‘world themes’ that the future Dutch National History Museum will concentrate on. This essay argues that we should elaborate on this theme from two angles: our relationship with our military past and our perspective with regard to specific conflicts. Our attitude to our military past and present is charaterized by ambiguity. Dutch war culture can represent this ambiguous attitude. Our visions about the causes and nature of conflicts alter with the passage of time and according to our specific social position. This change in our (historical) perspectives can be illustrated based on some of the frequently discussed conflicts. -- Water en Land Petra van Dam Water and Dry Land Water management has always been a major concern. Dutch pragmatism certainly has roots in water management, but it is also rooted in the culture of meetings of the Dutch cities and in the attitude of the peasant who produced for the market very early on. Water control reached its height when we introduced reinforced concrete for hydraulic engineer-ing. Around 1970, the ecological turning point caused a change in focus. Water managers became concerned about the quality of water, the creation of ‘new nature’ and the adaptation to water. In this way, we did not discard the assets of the Industrial Revolution, but rather put them into a new framework: more green in the blue. Water is by definition international. The Netherlands co-parented the international cooperation of the Rhine countries. Is this history part of our national consciousness? Can the water history of the South- and Eastern Netherlands also join in the national water history of the twentieth century? -- D.J. Wolffram History Department, Faculty of Arts, University of Groningen http://www.rug.nl/staff/d.j.wolffram/index Tel 0031 50 3637699 , 0031 592 375522 (home)
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